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This is a randomized crossover trial that determined the effects of an acute session of aerobic (AER), resistance (RES), and combined (COM) exercises on cardiovascular responses of RH and NON-RH people. We also demonstrated the pulse wave behavior after exercise sessions in these patients. Thus, the primary outcome of this study was to evaluate the blood pressure and autonomic responses after aerobic, resistant, and combined exercises in resistant and nonresistant hypertensives. In view of the health challenges affecting the RH patients, the recommendation of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), and the scarcity of studies using resistance exercises in this population, we decided to carry out the present research. Although some studies have investigated the impacts of aerobic exercise, the effects of resistance exercises on BP and autonomic modulation in this population remain relatively unexplored in the literature. Additionally, evidences have demonstrated that aerobic training has a strong capacity to collaborate with changes on BP in RH patients. found significant postexercise hypotension in RH patients who performed low- and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Although cardiovascular effects have been found after exercise in NON-RH, these findings may differ in RH patients due to different pathological bases.

In fact, previous studies have demonstrated effects of different exercise training programs on the BP and autonomic modulation of normotensive and/or prehypertensive individuals. , the acute reduction of systolic BP after exercise may be considered a reliable predictor of the chronic adaptations to training in older women. In this sense, in an elegant study performed by Eches et al. In addition, it should be stressed that the acute effects of physical exercise are associated with chronic adaptations. Additionally, autonomic modulations exert an essential role in the physiopathology of NON-RH and RH, and improvements in autonomic modulation are a well-established mechanism associated with postexercise hypotension in normotensive and NON-RH subjects. ДЄccording to MacDonald, postexercise hypotension may allow a better understanding of mechanisms and implications of regulation of BP after exercise. The beneficial effects of physical exercise are not restricted to chronic programs, and low BP levels are also observed after an acute session of exercise, which is called postexercise hypotension.

Physical exercise has been highlighted among the many available alternatives due to evidence supporting the beneficial effects of exercise training programs on BP in NON-RH. In this context, researchers have been looking for alternative therapies besides pharmacological treatment to manage BP in RH and nonresistant hypertensive (NON-RH) patients. These patients have been associated with negative-health-related outcomes and increased risk of death. Approximately 20% of the hypertensive patients do not achieve adequate blood pressure (BP) levels, regardless of the optimal dose of 3 or more antihypertensive drugs, including one diuretic, denoting resistant hypertension (RH). Hypertension is one of the most prevalent clinical conditions in adults.

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This trial is registered with trial registration number NCT02987452. Notably, our findings bring new light to the effects of exercise on RH, indicating that RH patients show different autonomic responses to exercise compared to NON-RH patients. These findings suggest that office blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and hemodynamic parameters returned to baseline levels in the first hour and remained stable in the 24 hours after the all-exercise sessions. It is worth mentioning that more significant changes in sympathetic modulation were observed after AER as compared to COM exercise. However, AER and COM exercises significantly reduced sympathetic modulation in RH patients. There were no changes in office BP, pulse wave behavior, and hemodynamic parameters after (T0 and T1) exercise sessions. Hemodynamic (FinometerВ®, Beatscope), office blood pressure (BP), and autonomic variables (accessed through spectral analysis of the pulse-to-pulse BP signal, in the time and frequency domain-Fast Fourrier Transform) were assessed before (T0), one-hour (T1), and twenty-four (T2) hours after each experimental session. Twenty participants (10 RH and 10 NON-RH) performed three exercise sessions (i.e., AER, RES, and COM) and a control session. Here, we report the acute effects of aerobic (AER), resistance (RES), and combined (COM) exercises on blood pressure, central blood pressure and augmentation index, hemodynamic parameters, and autonomic modulation of resistant (RH) and nonresistant hypertensive (NON-RH) subjects.